Gestão & Produção
https://www.gestaoeproducao.com/article/doi/10.1590/1806-9649-2022v29e6621
Gestão & Produção
Artigo Original

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE): global and contemporary challenge to production chains and the urban environment

Nádia Mara Franz; Christian Luiz da Silva

Downloads: 0
Views: 567

Abstract

Abstract:: In recent years, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) has grown three times faster than the world's population and 13% more than the world’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Only 17.4% of this waste is properly treated and uncertain disposal poses risks to the environment and human health. The objective of this study is to present an alignment with regard to the generation, management and legislation of WEEE and its interface with eco-design, cleaner production and reverse logistics. The methodology uses a qualitative approach based on bibliographic and documentary research aligned with the Prisma protocol. The results indicate that industrialization and higher income levels of the population in increasing urbanization have led to an increase in the consumption of electrical and electronic equipment, which, together with the short life cycles of this equipment, recycling difficulties and physical and legal infrastructure, has generated an exponential increase in WEEE. In this scenario, the precepts of the circular economy emerge as a solution to this global problem.

Keywords

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), Cities, Circular economy, Sustainability

Referências

Abalansa, S., El Mahrad, B., Icely, J., & Newton, A. (2021). Electronic Waste, an Environmental Problem Exported to Developing Countries: the GOOD, the BAD and the UGLY. Sustainability, 13(9), 5302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095302.

Aguiar, E. S., Ribeiro, M. M., Viana, J. H., & Pontes, A. N. (2021). Panorama da disposição de resíduos sólidos urbanos e sua relação com os impactos socioambientais em estados da Amazônia brasileira. urbe. Urbe. Revista Brasileira de Gestão Urbana, 13, e20190263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.013.e20190263.

Alves, S. M., & Oliveira, J. F. G. D. (2007). Adequação ambiental dos processos usinagem utilizando Produção mais limpa como estratégia de gestão ambiental. Production, 17(1), 129-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132007000100009.

Andersen, T. (2022). A comparative study of national variations of the European WEEE directive: manufacturer’s view. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 29(14), 19920-19939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13206-z. PMid:33665699.

Arya, S., & Kumar, S. (2020). E-waste in India at a glance: current trends, regulations, challenges and management strategies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 271, 122707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122707.

Awasthi, A. K., Wang, M., Wang, Z., Awasthi, M. K., & Li, J. (2018). E-waste management in India: a mini review. Waste Management & Research, 36(5), 408-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242X18767038. PMid:29732961.

Baldé, C. P., Forti, V., Gray, V., Kuehr, R., & Stegmann, P. (2017). The global e-waste monitor 2017: quantities, flows and resources. Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA).

Basel Convention. (2021). Basel Convention on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal. Retrieved in 2021, November 1, from http://www.basel.int/

Brasil. (2010, 2 de agosto). Lei nº 12.305, de 2 de agosto de 2010. Institui a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Brasília, DF: Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil. Retrieved in 2021, March 25, from https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-2010/2010/lei/l12305.htm

Brasil. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. (2019). Acordo Setorial para a Implantação do Sistema de Logística Reversa de Produtos Eletroeletrônicos de Uso Doméstico e seus Componentes, de 31 de outubro de 2019. Retrieved in 2021, November 3, from https://www.gov.br/mma/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/acordo-20setorial-20-20eletroeletrnicos-pdf

Brasil. (2020, 12 de fevereiro). Decreto nº 10.240, de 12 de fevereiro de 2020. Implementação de sistema de logística reversa de produtos eletroeletrônicos e seus componentes de uso doméstico. Brasília, DF: Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil. Retrieved in 2021, March 25, from http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2019-2022/2020/Decreto/D10240.htm

Caetano, M. O., Leon, L. G. D., Padilha, D. W., & Gomes, L. P. (2019). Análises de risco na operação de usinas de reciclagem de resíduos eletroeletrônicos (REEE). Gestão & Produção, 26(2), 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-530x3018-19.

Cossu, R., & Williams, I. D. (2015). Urban mining: concepts, terminology, challenges. Waste Management. Editorial., 45, 1-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.09.040. PMid:26505691.

Cui, T., & Zhang, J. (2018). Bibliometric and review of the research on circular economy through the evolution of Chinese public policy. Scientometrics, 116(2), 1013-1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2782-y.

Den Hollander, M. C., Bakker, C. A., & Hultink, E. J. (2017). Product design in a circular economy: development of a typology of key concepts and terms. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(3), 517-525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12610.

Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2021). Retrieved in 2021, April 22, from https://www.circulardesignguide.com/

European Commission. (2021a). Retrieved in 2021, March 25, from https://ec.europa.eu/info/index_en

European Commission. (2021b). Sustainable product policy & eco-design. Retrieved in 2021, April 22, from https://ec.europa.eu/growth/industry/sustainability/product-policy-and-ecodesign_en

Fan, Y., & Fang, C. (2020). Circular economy development in China-current situation, evaluation and policy implications. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 84, 106441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2020.106441.

Forti, V., Baldé, C. P., Kuehr, R., & Bel, G. (2020). The global e-waste monitor 2020. Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA).

Ghisolfi, V., Chaves, G. D. L. D., Siman, R. R., & Xavier, L. H. (2017). System dynamics applied to closed loop supply chains of desktops and laptops in Brazil: a perspective for social inclusion of waste pickers. Waste Management, 60, 14-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.018. PMid:28034614.

Gollakota, A. R., Gautam, S., & Shu, C. M. (2020). Inconsistencies of e-waste management in developing nations–Facts and plausible solutions. Journal of Environmental Management, 261, 110234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110234. PMid:32148304.

Gu, F., Ma, B., Guo, J., Summers, P. A., & Hall, P. (2017). Internet of things and Big Data as potential solutions to the problems in waste electrical and electronic equipment management: an exploratory study. Waste Management, 68, 434-448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.037. PMid:28757222.

Guimarães, K., & Ribeiro, F. (2016). Logística reversa de embalagens em geral: avaliação do Acordo Setorial a partir das recomendações internacionais. In Anais do 18º Encontro Internacional sobre Gestão Empresarial e Meio Ambiente (ENGEMA). São Paulo: FEA-USP.

Guo, B., Geng, Y., Sterr, T., Zhu, Q., & Liu, Y. (2017). Investigating public awareness on circular economy in western China: a case of Urumqi Midong. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 2177-2186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.063.

Hens, L., Block, C., Cabello-Eras, J. J., Sagastume-Gutierez, A., Garcia-Lorenzo, D., Chamorro, C., Herrera Mendoza, K., Haeseldonckx, D., & Vandecasteele, C. (2018). On the evolution of “Cleaner Production” as a concept and a practice. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 3323-3333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.082.

Ilankoon, I. M. S. K., Ghorbani, Y., Chong, M. N., Herath, G., Moyo, T., & Petersen, J. (2018). E-waste in the international context–A review of trade flows, regulations, hazards, waste management strategies and technologies for value recovery. Waste Management, 82, 258-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.10.018. PMid:30509588.

International Telecommunication Union – ITU. (2021). Retrieved in 2021, March 25, from https://www.itu.int/en/Pages/default.aspx

Isernia, R., Passaro, R., Quinto, I., & Thomas, A. (2019). The reverse supply chain of the e-waste management processes in a circular economy framework: evidence from Italy. Sustainability, 11(8), 2430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082430.

Islam, M. T., & Huda, N. (2018). Reverse logistics and closed-loop supply chain of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)/E-waste: a comprehensive literature review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 137, 48-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.05.026.

Japan International Cooperation Agency – JICA. (2012). Resíduos sólidos no Japão e política sobre a reciclagem. In Seminário Brasil-Japão sobre Reciclagem de Resíduos de Equipamentos Eletroeletrônicos. Brasília: MDIC.

Kapuran, G. A. (2018). Eco-design in electrical and electronic products. Tehnika, 73(2), 285-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika1802285K.

Kumar, A., Holuszko, M., & Espinosa, D. C. R. (2017). E-waste: an overview on generation, collection, legislation and recycling practices. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 122, 32-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.01.018.

Kusch, S., & Hills, C. D. (2017). The link between e-waste and GDP: new insights from data from the pan-European region. Resources, 6(2), 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources6020015.

Lopes dos Santos, K. (2020). The recycling of e-waste in the Industrialised Global South: the case of Sao Paulo Macrometropolis. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 13(1), 56-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2020.1790373.

McDowall, W., Geng, Y., Huang, B., Barteková, E., Bleischwitz, R., Türkeli, S., Kemp, R., & Doménech, T. (2017). Circular economy policies in China and Europe. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(3), 651-661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12597.

Micheaux, H., & Aggeri, F. (2021). Eco-modulation as a driver for eco-design: a dynamic view of the French collective EPR scheme. Journal of Cleaner Production, 289, 125714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125714.

Milios, L. (2018). Advancing to a Circular Economy: three essential ingredients for a comprehensive policy mix. Sustainability Science, 13(3), 861-878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-017-0502-9. PMid:30147792.

Moreno, M., De los Rios, C., Rowe, Z., & Charnley, F. (2016). A conceptual framework for circular design. Sustainability, 8(9), 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8090937.

Movimento Nacional dos Catadores de Materiais Recicláveis – MNCR. (2021). São Paulo. Retrieved in 2021, July 23, from http://www.mncr.org.br/

Ottoni, M., Dias, P., & Xavier, L. H. (2020). A circular approach to the e-waste valorization through urban mining in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 261, 120990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120990.

Patil, R. A., & Ramakrishna, S. (2020). A comprehensive analysis of e-waste legislation worldwide. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 27(13), 14412-14431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07992-1. PMid:32162230.

Pedro, F., Giglio, E., Velazquez, L., & Munguia, N. (2021). Constructed governance as solution to conflicts in e-waste recycling networks. Sustainability, 13(4), 1701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041701.

Rajput, S., & Singh, S. P. (2020). Industry 4.0 model for circular economy and cleaner production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277, 123853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123853.

Rodrigues, A. C., Boscov, M. E., & Günther, W. M. (2020). Domestic flow of e-waste in São Paulo, Brazil: characterization to support public policies. Waste Management, 102, 474-485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.052. PMid:31751920.

São Paulo (Município). (2014). Plano de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos 2014. São Paulo: Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo. Retrieved in 2021, April 4, from https://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/upload/servicos/arquivos/PGIRS-2014.pdf

São Paulo (Estado). (2020a). Plano de resíduos sólidos do estado de São Paulo 2020. São Paulo: Secretaria de Infraestrutura e Meio Ambiente. Retrieved in 2021, July 27, from http://www.infraestruturameioambiente.sp.gov.br

São Paulo (Município). (2020b, 30 de setembro). Lei nº 17.471, de 30 de setembro de 2020. Estabelece a obrigatoriedade da implantação de logística reversa no Município de São Paulo para recolhimento dos produtos que especifica e dá outras providências. São Paulo: Diário Oficial da Cidade de São Paulo. Retrieved in 2021, April 4, from https://legislacao.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/leis/lei-17471-de-30-de-setembro-de-2020

Schroeder, P., Anggraeni, K., & Weber, U. (2019). The relevance of circular economy practices to the sustainable development goals. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 23(1), 77-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12732.

Shayganmehr, M., Kumar, A., Garza-Reyes, J. A., & Moktadir, M. A. (2021). Industry 4.0 enablers for a cleaner production and circular economy within the context of business ethics: a study in a developing country. Journal of Cleaner Production, 281, 125280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125280.

Silva, A. L. E., Moraes, J. A. R., & Machado, Ê. L. (2015). Proposta de produção mais limpa voltada às práticas de ecodesign e logística reversa. Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental, 20(1), 29-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-41522015020000087843.

Silva, C. L. (2019). Política pública para o planejamento urbano territorial a partir da economia circular: reflexões e alinhamentos propositivos para as cidades brasileiras. Revista Brasileira de Gestão e Desenvolvimento Regional, 15(6), 159-172. Retrieved in 2021, April 4, from https://www.rbgdr.net/revista/index.php/rbgdr/article/view/5192

Silva, C. L., Weins, N., & Potinkara, M. (2019). Formalizing the informal? A perspective on informal waste management in the BRICS through the lens of institutional economics. Waste Management, 99, 79-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.08.023. PMid:31473484.

Steuer, B., Ramusch, R., & Salhofer, S. (2018). Is there a future for the informal recycling sector in urban China? Detritus, 4, 189-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2018.13725.

Tong, X., Tao, D., & Lifset, R. (2018a). Varieties of business models for post-consumer recycling in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 170, 665-673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.032.

Tong, X., Wang, T., Chen, Y., & Wang, Y. (2018b). Towards an inclusive circular economy: quantifying the spatial flows of e-waste through the informal sector in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 135, 163-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.10.039.

Tosarkani, B. M., Amin, S. H., & Zolfagharinia, H. (2020). A scenario-based robust possibilistic model for a multi-objective electronic reverse logistics network. International Journal of Production Economics, 224, 107557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.107557.

Turaga, R. M. R., Bhaskar, K., Sinha, S., Hinchliffe, D., Hemkhaus, M., Arora, R., Chatterjee, S., Khetriwal, D. S., Radulovic, V., Singhal, P., & Sharma, H. (2019). E-waste management in India: issues and strategies. Vikalpa, 44(3), 127-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919880655.

United Nations. (2021). Retrieved in 2021, April 4, from https://www.un.org/

Wastling, T., Charnley, F., & Moreno, M. (2018). Design for circular behaviour: considering users in a circular economy. Sustainability, 10(6), 1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10061743.

World Bank. (2021). Databank. Retrieved in 2021, April 5, from https://data.worldbank.org/

Xavier, L. H., Lins, F. A. F., Nascimento, H. F. F., Bellan, I. O., Ribeiro, F., Caldas, M. B., Silva, L. O. S., Zomer, B., Araujo, R. A., Dias Filho, O. O., Reinol, P. C., Fagundes, R. L., & Gusmão, A. C. F. (2017). Manual para a destinação de resíduos eletroeletrônicos: orientação ao cidadão sobre como dispor adequadamente os resíduos eletroeletrônicos na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Cetem. Retrieved in 2021, November 6, from http://mineralis.cetem.gov.br/bitstream/cetem/2119/1/Manual%20para%20a%20destina%c3%a7%c3%a3o%20de%20res%c3%adduos%20eletr%c3%b4nicos.pdf

Xavier, L. H., Ottoni, M., & Nascimento, H. (2019a). Metodologia para a identificação e categorização das empresas atuantes na gestão de resíduos de equipamentos. In 2º Congresso Sul-Americano de Resíduos Sólidos e Sustentabilidade. Bauru: IBEAS. Retrieved in 2021, April 4, from http://www.ibeas.org.br/conresol/conresol2019/II-014.pdf

Xavier, L. Y., Jacobi, P. R., & Turra, A. (2019b). Local Agenda 21: planning for the future, changing today. Environmental Science & Policy, 101, 7-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.07.006.

Xavier, L. H., Ottoni, M., & Lepawsky, J. (2021). Circular economy and e-waste management in the Americas: brazilian and Canadian frameworks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 297, 126570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126570.

Zeng, X., Yang, C., Chiang, J. F., & Li, J. (2017). Innovating e-waste management: from macroscopic to microscopic scales. The Science of the Total Environment, 575, 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.078. PMid:27723459.

Zhao, X., & Bai, X. (2021). How to motivate the producers’ green innovation in WEEE recycling in China? An analysis based on evolutionary game theory. Waste Management, 122, 26-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.12.027. PMid:33476959.

Zhou, W., Zheng, Y., & Huang, W. (2017). Competitive advantage of qualified WEEE recyclers through EPR legislation. European Journal of Operational Research, 257(2), 641-655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.07.050.

Zhu, J., Fan, C., Shi, H., & Shi, L. (2019). Efforts for a circular economy in China: a comprehensive review of policies. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 23(1), 110-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12754.
 

62a74d42a9539557871df075 gp Articles

Gest. Prod.

Share this page
Page Sections